I'm a little confused by your pictures, but it looks like what's coming out of the floor is just junk off your old dishwasher. You likely don't want any of that at this point. The connection at the floor looks a right mess, too.
What's going on underneath your floor there? Does that line go down into your floor joists (ideally with a shut off valve in the vicinity)? Does it come back up into your sink cabinet? If there's room to work on the pipe down there, or under the sink, cut it off with a pipe cutter, leaving enough room to work, and fit either an adapter, or a new angle stop that you can thread the water supply onto (just need a couple inches of pipe ahead of any fittings to get the new fitting on).
Also, what do you have threaded onto the inlet in that picture? Looks like it's just a hose. What's at the other end of it? You'll need a 3/8" connection to get on the adapter (3/8" x 1/2" compression fitting) or angle stop. And Jeff's right to mention the elbow adapter that's needed. A hose coming straight out will just kink on the floor. There's not enough clearance down there. It's a 3/4" x 3/8" elbow that's sold with many braided supplies, or on their own.
More pics if you're still working on it, or let us know how it went.