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No, they aren't designed to take pressure, only to allow air in. A vacuum breaker is designed to close under pressure and open by gravity in a suction condition. The check valve the OP had performed the same function but less efficiently and as I stated above probably with lots of noise and drama.

On the outlet line. Apparently the pump line goes to gravity drainage at some point and lack of a vacuum breaker would cause siphonage which is annoying with the glug-glug noise but can also cause a pump to lose prime.

It's a check valve used like a vacuum breaker. I imagine it is very noisy when operating. Replace it with a dedicated vacuum breaker and problem solved.

I'm in Nashville and that would have cost around $125.

One of the byproducts of proper combustion of natural gas is water. The other is carbon dioxide. I think the OP needs a draft insider for the existing heater or an upgrade to a power vent model.

Unknown hand wash station from the 30s